Updated November 6, 2006
31. H. Kokubun, M. Nakano, T. Tsukamoto, H. Watanabe, G. Hashimoto, E. Marchesi, L. Bullrich, I. L. Basualdo, T.-h. Kao and T. Ando. Distribution of self-compatible and self-incompatible populations of Petunia axillaris (Solanaceae) outside Uruguay. Journal of Plant Research (Sep. 2006; online, 17 Aug. 2006)
Petunia axillaris occurs in temperate South America and consists of three allopatric subspecies: axillaris, parodii, and subandina. Previous studies have revealed that subsp. axillaris is self-incompatible (SI) and subsp. parodii is self-compatible (SC) in Uruguay, and that subsp. subandina is SC in Argentina. However, the SI/SC status is not understood completely over the entire distribution range. This study aimed to examine the overall SI/SC status of the respective subspecies in comparison with floral morphology. The results confirmed that subsp. parodii and subsp. subandina were SC throughout the distribution range, and that subsp. axillaris was also SC in Brazil and most of the Argentinean territory. The SI P. axillaris occurs in the natural population only between 34°S and 36°S, along the eastern shore of South America. The Brazilian and Uruguayan subsp. axillaris differed in SI/SC status and floral morphology. We discussed the cause of this difference.
30. Nakamura, K., K. Matsubara, H. Watanabe, H. Kokubun, Y. Ueda, N. Oyama-Okubo, M. Nakayama and T. Ando. Identification of Petunia hybrida cultivars that diurnally emit floral fragrance. Scientia Hortuculturae 108: 61–65. (16 Mar. 2006; online, 18 Jan. 2006)
29. Ando, T., N. Ishikawa, H. Watanabe, H. Kokubun, Y. Yanagisawa, G. Hashimoto, E. Marchesi, E. Suárez. A morphological study of Petunia integrifolia complex (Solanaceae). Annals of Botany 96: 887–900. (Oct. 2005; online, 15 Aug. 2005)
28. Matsubara, K., H. Kodama, H. Kokubun, H. Watanabe and T. Ando. Two novel transposable elements in a cytochrome P450 gene govern anthocyanin biosynthesis of commercial petunias. Gene 358: 121–126. (26 Sep. 2005; online, 26 July 2005)
27. Ando, T., H. Kokubun, H. Watanabe, N. Tanaka, T. Yukawa, G. Hashimoto, E. Marchesi, E. Suárez and I. Basualdo. 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of Petunia sensu Jussieu (Solanaceae) using chloroplast DNA RFLP. Annals of Botany 96: 289–297. (online, 8 June 2005)
26. Nakajima, T., K. Matsubara, H. Kodama, H. Kokubun, H. Watanabe and T. Ando. 2005. Insertion and excision of a transposable element governs the red floral phenotype in commercial petunias. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 110: 1038–1043. (online, 25 Feb. 2005)
25. Mabuchi, T., H. Kokubun, M. Mii and T. Ando. 2005. Nuclear DNA content in the genus Hepatica (Ranunculaceae). Journal of Plant Research 118: 37–41. (online, 15 Feb. 2005)
24. Ando, T., M. Takahashi, T. Nakajima, Y. Toya, H. Watanabe, H. Kokubun and F. Tatsuzawa. 2004. Delphinidin accumulation is associated with abnormal flower development in petunias. Phytochemistry 65: 2219–2227.
23. Murakami, Y., Y. Fukui, H. Watanabe, H. Kokubun, Y. Toya and T. Ando. 2004. Floral coloration and pigmentation in Calibrachoa cultivars. J. of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology 79: 47–53.
22. Tsukamoto, T., T. Ando, K. Takahashi, O. Takahiro, H. Watanabe, H. Kokubun, E. Marchesi and T.-H. Kao. 2003. Breakdown of self-incompatibility in a natural population of Petunia axillaris caused by loss of pollen function. Plant Physiology 131: 1903–1912.
21. Murakami, Y., Y. Fukui, H. Watanabe, H. Kokubun, Y. Toya and T. Ando. 2003. Distribution of carotenoids in the flower of non-yellow commercial petunia. J. of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology 78: 127–130.
20. Tsukamoto, T., T. Ando, H. Kokubun, H. Watanabe, T. Sato, M. Masada, E. Marchesi and T.-H. Kao. 2003. Breakdown of self-incompatibility in a natural population of Petunia axillaris caused by a modifier locus that suppresses the expression of an S-RNase gene. Sexual Plant Reproduction 15: 255–263.
19. Tsukamoto, T., T. Ando, H. Watanabe, H. Kokubun, G. Hashimoto, U. Sakazaki, E. Suarez, E. Marchesi, K. Oyama and T.-H. Kao. 2002. Differenciation in the status of self-incompatibility among Calibrachoa species (Solanaceae). J. of Plant Research 115: 185–193.
18. Kokubun, H., T. Ando, S. Kohyama, H. Watanabe, T. Tsukamoto, E. Marchesi. 2002. Variations of several morphological characters of Petunia axillaris in Uruguay. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 71: 26–39.
17. Ando, T., M. Nomura, J. Tsukahara, H. Watanabe, H. Kokubun, G. Hashimoto, E. Marchesi and I. J. Kitching. 2001. Reproductive isolation in a native population of Petunia sensu Jussieu (Solanaceae). Annals of Botany 88: 403–413.
16. Tatsuzawa, F., T. Ando, N. Saito, Y. Tsunashima, H. Kokubun, H. Watanabe, G. Hashimoto, K. Asakura, R. Hara, H. Seki. 2000. Acylated Delphinidin-3-rutinoside-5-glucoside from Petunia reitzii. Phytochemistry 55: 913–917.
15. Ando, T., F. Tatsuzawa, N. Saito, M. Takahashi, Y. Tsunashima, H. Numajiri, H. Watanabe, H. Kokubun, R. Hara, H. Seki, G. Hashimoto. 2000. Differences in the floral anthocyanin content of red petunias and Petunia exserta. Phytochemistry 54: 495–501.
14. Mishiba, K., T. Ando, M. Mii, H. Watanabe, H. Kokubun, G. Hashimoto, E. Marchesi. 2000. Nuclear DNA content as an index character discriminating taxa in the genus Petunia sensu Jussieu (Solanaceae). Annals of Botany 85: 665–673.
13. Kokubun, H., T. Ando, H. Watanabe, T. Tsukamoto, E. Marchesi. 1999. Floral Morphology of F1 and F2 progenies between two subspecies of Petunia axillaris (Solanaceae) Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 50: 207–219.
To study the possible origin of intermediate forms between Petunia axillaris subsp. axillaris and subsp. parodii, reciprocal crosses between typical subsp. axillaris and subsp. parodii were made and F1, and F2 progenies were examined for the inheritance of floral morphology. Three characters were chosen to evaluate floral morphology: corolla tube length, corolla limb diameter, and anther distance. We focused on the distance between the anthers of long and medium stamens, a key character distinguishing the two subspecies, which was not examined in detail by previous researchers. The wide range of measured values observed in the F1 plants suggested a high degree of heterozygosity in the genes determining such floral characters in wild population of P. axillaris, especially in subsp. axillaris. The distribution of the values in the F1 and F2 plants was closer to the seed parent when the reciprocal crosses were compared, and the entire ranges of the values were closer to subsp. axillaris, not to subsp. parodii. According to the distribution of tube length and anther distance values, part of the origin of the intermediate forms could be explained by the possibility of crossing between the two subspecies.
12. Tatsuzawa, F., T. Ando, N. Saito, Y. Tsunashima, H. Kokubun, H. Watanabe, G. Hashimoto, K. Asakura, R. Hara, H. Seki. 1999. Acylated malvidin 3-rutinosides in dusky flowers of Petunia integrifolia subsp. inflata. Phytochemistry 52: 351–355.
11. Ando, T., N. Saito, F. Tatsuzawa, T. Kakefuda, K. Yamakage, E. Ohtani, M. Koshi-ishi, Y. Matsusake, H. Kokubun, H. Watanabe, T. Tsukamoto, Y. Ueda, G. Hashimoto, E. Marchesi, K. Asakura, R. Hara and H. Seki. 1999. Floral anthocyanins in wild taxa of Petunia (Solanaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 27: 623–650.
10. Tsukamoto, T., T. Ando, H. Kokubun, H. Watanabe, M. Masada, X. Zhu, E. Marchesi, T-h. Kao. 1999. Breakdown of self-incompatibility in a natural population of Petunia axillaris (Solanaceae) in Uruguay containing both self-incompatible and self-compatible plants. Sex. Plant Reprod. 12: 6–13.
9. Watanabe, H., T. Ando, E. Nishino, H. Kokubun, T. Tsukamoto, G. Hashimoto and E. Marchesi. 1999. Three groups of species in Petunia sensu Jussieu (Solanaceae) inferred from the intact seed morphology. Amer. J. Bot. 86: 302–305.
8. Tsukamoto, T., T. Ando, H. Kokubun, H. Watanabe, R. Tanaka, G. Hashimoto, E. Marchesi and T. -h. Kao. 1998. Differentiation in the status of self-incompatibility among all natural taxa of Petunia (Solanaceae). Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 49: 115–133.
7. Ando, T., T. Tsukamoto, N. Akiba, H. Kokubun, H. Watanabe, Y. Ueda and E. Marchesi. 1998. Differentiation in the degree of self-incompatibility in Petunia axillaris (Solanaceae) occurring in Uruguay. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 49: 37–47.
6. Tsukamoto, T., T. Ando, M. Kurata, H. Watanabe, H. Kokubun, G. Hashimoto and E. Marchesi. 1998. Resurrection of Petunia occidentalis R. E. Fr. (Solanaceae) inferred from a cross compatibility study. J. Jpn. Bot. 73: 15–21.
5. Kokubun, H., T. Ando, S. Kohyama, H. Watanabe, T. Tsukamoto and E. Marchesi. 1997. Distribution of intermediate forms of Petunia axillaris subsp. axillaris and subsp. parodii (Solanaceae) in Uruguay as revealed by discriminant analysis. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 48: 173–185.
To clarify morphological intergradation between two subspecies of Petunia axillaris, floral morphological characters were studied on live plants grown from seeds collected from 102 localities in Uruguay. Five discriminant functions were calculated by stepwise discriminant analysis using typical individuals of the two subspecies (from 12 localities of subsp. axillaris and from 16 localities of subsp. parodii). Mean values of floral characters taken from individuals from 102 localities were substituted into these five functions to predict subspecies. Plants from some localities were predicted inconsistently or doubtfully by respective functions and were regarded as intermediate. The results confirmed our previous reports, but the distribution of the two subspecies and their intermediate forms was inferred with more detail and clarity. Two subspecies of Petunia axillaris occurred separately and the border between the two taxa roughly corresponds to the Rio Negro river. The localities of intermediate forms were mostly distributed in the area parallel to the Rio Negro and on the shore of the Rio de la Plata.
4. Watanabe, H., T. Ando, S. Iida, A. Suzuki, K. Buto, T. Tsukamoto, H. Kokubun, G. Hashimoto and E. Marchesi. 1997. Cross compatibility of Petunia pubescens and P. pygmaea with native taxa of Petunia. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 66: 607–612.
3. Tatsuzawa, F., M. Koshi-ishi, F. Ohtani, T. Ando, H. Watanabe, H. Kokubun, M. Yokoi, G. Hashimoto, H. Seki, N. Saito. and T. Honda. 1997. Diacylated Malvidin 3-rutinoside-5-glucosides from the flowers of Petunia guarapuavensis. Heterocycles 45: 1197–1202.
2. Ando, T., S. Iida, H. Kokubun, Y. Ueda and E. Marchesi. 1995. Distribution of Petunia axillaris sensu lato in Uruguay as revealed by discriminant analysis of live plants. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 64: 381–391.
Based on observations made in the native habitat in Uruguay, Petunia axillaris sensu lato growing in southeastern and northwestern departments were considered as typical subsp. axillaris and subsp. parodii, respectively. Among 30 morphological characters, differences in 18 of them between typical subsp. axillaris and subsp. parodii were significant. Seven discriminant functions discriminating these 2 subspecies from each other were calculated, and plants from 49 locations in the whole of Uruguay were predicted as subsp. axillaris or subsp. parodii by substituting the measurements into the thus obtained functions. Subspecies axillaris and parodii were southeastern and northwestern taxa, respectively, separated roughly by the river Rio Negro. There were 4 exceptional locations along the lower stream of the Rio Negro in which intermediate forms between subsp. axillaris and parodii were found. Subspecies axillaris in the southwestern department possessed a corolla-tube longer than that of the typical one. Occurrence of intergradation between subsp. axillaris and subsp. parodii was suggested even on the Uruguayan side of the Plata region.
1. Ando, T., S. Iida, H. Kokubun, Y. Ueda and E. Marchesi. 1994. Distribution of infraspecific taxa of Petunia axillaris (Solanaceae) in Uruguay as revealed by discriminant analyses. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 45: 95–109.
A survey of native habitats of Petunia species over 5 seasons revealed the co-occurrence of two subspecies of P. axillaris sensu lato in Uruguay. Typical subsp. axillaris and subsp. parodii were found in southeastern and northwestern departments, respectively. Using floral measurements (length of corolla tube, corolla limb, pedicel, and calyx lobes, and the length of corolla tube / length of corolla limb ratio) of specimens collected in these departments, we performed stepwise discriminant analyses. After substituting measurements of 174 specimens collected in the whole of Uruguay into the three discriminant functions thus obtained, we determined them to be either subsp. axillaris or subsp. parodii. Distribution of the two subspecies thus determined by the discriminant functions was roughly delimited by the Rio Negro. A considerable number of doubtful specimens were found in the southwestern departments, which are on opposite sides of the river de La Plata from the place where secondary intergradation between the two subspecies had been suggested by Wijsman (1982) to have occurred.
1. Ando, T., N. Saito, F. Tatsuzawa, T. Kakefuda, K. Yamakage, E. Ohtani, M. Koshi-ishi, Y. Matsusake, H. Kokubun, H. Watanabe, T. Tsukamoto, Y. Ueda, G. Hashimoto, E. Marchesi. 1999. HPLC profiles of floral anthocyanins in the native taxa of Petunia (Solanaceae). Tech. Bull. Fac. Hort. Chiba Univ. 53: 135–144.
Kokubun, H. 1998. Greenhouse structures and equipment, Germination facilities, in Ando, T. (ed.) "Plug no subete" (R.C. Styer, D.S. Koranski. 1997. Plug and transplant production: a grower's guide, Ball Publishing). K.I.S., Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
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Created on 14 Jan. 2001, updated on 6 Nov. 2006.
Hisashi Kokubun